Cannabis has long been a topic of debate. Some swear by its medicinal benefits, while others caution against its risks. One of the least discussed yet significant concerns is cannabis addiction. While many assume cannabis is entirely harmless, scientific research suggests that, for some, dependence can develop. So, how does this happen? What changes occur in the brain and body? And why are some people more susceptible than others?

How Cannabis Addiction Develops

Not everyone who uses cannabis becomes addicted, but for those who do, the process is complex. Addiction isn’t just about habit; it’s a combination of psychological and physical dependence.

Psychological dependence occurs when a person develops an emotional or mental reliance on cannabis. They might feel they “need” it to relax, sleep, or cope with stress. Slowly but surely, their brain starts associating cannabis with relief, reinforcing the urge to use it regularly.

Physical dependence, while often less obvious, is equally real. Long-term cannabis use can alter brain chemistry, leading to withdrawal symptoms if someone tries to quit. These symptoms may include irritability, insomnia, mood swings, and cravings. Making it difficult to stop even when there’s a strong desire to do so.

The Role of THC and Dopamine

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the compound in cannabis responsible for its psychoactive effects. When THC enters the brain, it interacts with the endocannabinoid system, disrupting normal neurotransmitter activity. One of the biggest consequences of this interaction is the release of dopamine. A chemical linked to pleasure and reward.

Dopamine plays a crucial role in motivation and reinforcement. When cannabis floods the brain with dopamine, it creates a pleasurable feeling. The more frequently a person uses cannabis, the stronger this association becomes, making the brain crave that experience over and over again. Over time, natural dopamine production can decline, leaving a person feeling unmotivated or low when not using. This shift can lead to increased dependence, as the brain becomes reliant on cannabis for enjoyment and relaxation.

Signs and Symptoms of Cannabis Addiction

So, when does casual use cross the line into addiction? Some key warning signs to look out for include:

• Using cannabis daily or feeling restless without it
• Struggling to cut down despite repeated attempts
• Prioritising cannabis use over work, relationships, or hobbies
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms like irritability, anxiety, or sleep disturbances when not using
• Needing higher doses over time to achieve the same effects

If any of these sound familiar, it may be time for a closer look at your relationship with cannabis.

Long-Term Effects of Chronic Use

Regular cannabis use over an extended period can lead to several long-term consequences, both physically and mentally.

Cognitive Impact

Research suggests that consistent cannabis use can impair memory, learning, and attention. Studies indicate that those who start using cannabis at a young age may experience more pronounced cognitive decline. The brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex responsible for decision-making and impulse control, is still developing into a person’s mid-20s. Meaning cannabis use during adolescence could have lasting effects.

Emotional and Psychological Changes

There’s a well-documented link between prolonged cannabis use and an increased risk of anxiety and depression. While some may use cannabis to manage stress, regular high-dose consumption can have the opposite effect over time, worsening mood disorders and contributing to emotional instability.

Social Consequences

Cannabis addiction can also strain relationships and daily responsibilities. If someone prioritises getting high over meeting commitments, maintaining employment, or nurturing social connections, the consequences can be severe.

Overcoming Cannabis Addiction

If quitting or cutting down on cannabis feels overwhelming, the good news is that help is available. There are several effective strategies for regaining control:

Recognising Triggers

Understanding what prompts cannabis use. Whether it’s stress, boredom, or social situations. Can be the first step towards making a change. Identifying these triggers allows for planning alternative coping mechanisms.

Behavioural Therapies

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to be particularly effective for cannabis addiction. By reshaping thought patterns and teaching healthier coping strategies, CBT helps individuals break free from reliance on cannabis.

Support Networks

Whether it’s a professional counsellor, a support group like Marijuana Anonymous, or friends and family, having a strong support system can make a huge difference. Speaking openly about struggles with trusted individuals can provide encouragement and accountability.

Medical Assistance

For those experiencing significant withdrawal symptoms, medical guidance may be beneficial. In some cases, healthcare professionals may recommend temporary medications to ease withdrawal effects and support recovery.

Taking Back Control

Cannabis addiction is often overlooked, but that doesn’t make it any less real for those experiencing it. The important thing to remember is that change is possible. Whether you’re re-evaluating your own relationship with cannabis or supporting someone else on their journey, understanding the science behind addiction is a powerful first step.

If cannabis use has started to feel more like an obligation than a choice, now might be the time to take action. Seeking support, learning about the effects, and exploring healthier alternatives can all lead to a more balanced and fulfilling life.